The Movement that Revolutionized the Civil Rights Black...

The Black Panther Movement made a progressive contribution to the US and civil rights. In order for a person to understand what the Civil Rights movement was, they would need to understand what political movements were involved, that made a big impact on the Black Community. What was the Civil Rights movement? The Civil Rights movement lasted from the late 1960s and early 1970s. But, the Civil Rights was not born during that time. When Abraham Lincoln was President, he had signed an agreement named the Emancipation Proclamation. This Proclamation was addressed to emancipate all of the slaves that were written on paper. If they were to leave their job as a slave they would have had no where to go and no money, so they still worked for†¦show more content†¦Because of what they felt was a racist government, the men believed, for example, that they at least deserved the right to speak at their own trials. The black community felt that the Federal government should feel oblig ated to give every man employment and ways to earn income. White men took over properties and businesses. If white property owners did not give fairness to the black men, then the black men felt the property owners power should be stripped from their hands. They also felt that the rights of those property owners’ jobs shall be placed into the hands of the community and their homes should be taken away and divided among the black men. They also felt that the government did not take into consideration how to support the children of the black communities as far as education was concerned. The Black Panthers wanted equal rights for education for the black- African children. They wanted for the children to be taught about how unfair blacks had been treated and what they thought was a racist government. The government made the young adults of the black community a priority by putting them into the military. These men felt that because of this, the government was racist and that the government did not protect the black men. They felt that they should not kill a single person because they were not fighting for what they believed in. They wanted black men to have military as an option. The black panthers took an aggressive standShow MoreRelatedHip Hop : A Revolution1155 Words   |  5 Pagesexperience C. Thesis Statement: Music Videos, music television, and the growth of hip hop music play an important role in the marketing of the hip hop artist. Brought into households through mass media, hip-hop fashion is a cultural phenomenon that revolutionized the idea of personal style through innovation of hip-hop aficionados. II. History: The Music Television and Mass Media A. Music Television gave a generation a voice. With the awakening of MTV, 1983 was a golden age for music television. 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Essay on Racism and White Privilege in the Education System

Many people in the United States society believe that people of all cultures, races, and ethnicities are now on an even playing field. People with this belief support their logic with the argument that since equal rights for people of color and women have been required by law for some time now, we are all inherently as equal as claimed in the Declaration of Independence. Many believe that race is no longer an issue, a viewpoint frequently referred to as color-blindness. National polling data indicated that a majority of whites now believe discrimination against racial minorities no longer exists. (Gallagher, 96) Color-blindness allows a white person to define himself or herself as politically and racially tolerant and then proclaim their†¦show more content†¦By associating the potential existence of racism with consumption, a form of rationalization is that we now live in society that does not recognize and reward race, but merit. In turn, whites do not inherently realize th e privileges that they are born with. Peggy McIntosh actually used the terms unearned entitlement and unearned advantage to describe disproportionate lead that whites have over blacks (McIntosh, 103). The fact of the matter is that most white people are in denial that they have been born with unearned entitlements that minorities do not have and according to McIntosh this is because they have been taught not to recognize it. As much as white people have been taught not to recognize that they have been given white privilege, blacks and minorities recognize that they do. Although many believe that the playing field is now level, is apparent that there is an uphill struggle for people of color. But how should one first recognize this struggle? The first step is to separate what one believes from that one knows, and to separate what is from what must be. 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Security Analysis for Cyber Physical Systems

Question: Discuss about the Security Analysis for Cyber Physical Systems. Answer: Introduction: Security breaches are very common nowadays as everything is digital so it becomes easy for hackers to get into any ones system with just few line of codes. Such an incident has been reported that a group of China based hackers names Iron Tiger recently switched to their new target leaving the victims of Asia-Pacific to steal terabytes of confidential data from US firms and government contractors. They started their hacking on US Defense Contractors and initially kept spying on politicians and government agencies that were based in China, Hong Kong, Philippines and Tibet. However the group has recently shifted its target to the US firms who are mainly working in aerospace, energy, intelligence, telecoms and nuclear industries. Reports claiming that the group has data over fifty eight gigabytes and all these was stole from a single target. It is said that terabytes of data has been taken out from all these firms by the hackers. They used the services that were provided by BlogSpot and Google Cloud Platform in order to make all these happen ("Forbes Welcome", 2015). They started all this with the most basic method that this sending emails which contained malicious links and they code named it as Iron Tiger in which they used various means of attacks that including spear-phishing emails which were sent to various parties in the firms and by this they cornered each of the government officials, executives, engineers and PR teams and the news gained huge popularity (Paganini, Pierluigi Paganini is member of the ENISA (European Union Agency for Network and Information Security Threat Landscape Stakeholder Group, 2015). The attackers were quite smart enough as they sent mails which looked like genuine mails. They took their time and planned everything rather than rushing into things (Agnarsson, Greenlaw Kantabutra, 2016). They sent mails to these officials where they attached some professional things and sometimes personal subjects whichever looked appropriate and the target may feel safe when opening these links. They sent mails to these officials claiming that it from the mayor of some other country who wants to make some business with them or to promote something. These mails looked quite genuine and the officials clicked on these mails. The cleverest part of all these are that in some of the cases there were no visible evidence that some malicious link could have been included in this (Ashok et al., 2015). Unknowingly the victims opened these mails as well as the links that are present there. The hackers included a web bug which was well hidden within the mail that many of the users will generally ignore them but that bug helped the hackers to get all the important information like IP address of the victim, their operating system and their browser details. Some other mails may contain a script which will run in the background and the user may not know this only as soon as they opened the mail. The most interesting part is that they breached into the system in 2013 but they continued to monitor their systems and did not make any move until in the year 2015, they took terabytes of data from these systems (Dutt, Ahn Gonzalez, 2013). It is suspected that Chine is the home base of these attackers as all the VPNs that they have using directly leads to China. Also the file names and password that they used to encrypt these data were in Chinese. The set of language IDs that were used in malware binaries were been using simplified Chinese. The main things that led to this conclusion that that the hacker group is from china is that the tools that is HUC Packet Transmit Tool were used by the Chinese only and the links that they used to send the emails were also registered with Chinas physical address. Some other information also led to the fact that QQ, Lofter, 163.com were very much popular in China only. The problem mainly occurred due to the ongoing tension between the two nations. It simply started with a mail which containe d malicious links or web bug or a script which were very basic tools that any hacker can use to get into others system (Gao, Zhong Mei, 2015). The very problem could be avoided if the officials did not open those mails or even before opening the mails could have consulted with their higher officials. In order to catch these hackers, the firms should set a series of honey traps which would look like vulnerability but in actual was a trap to track the IP address. They only relied on a single system for which they are facing problems. They should have made their security much stronger and should have laid a series of security over the network rather than a single strong security. Also they should try to filter their mails before they open it and get it checked. Before opening any mail they should cross check and should run a system check on a timely basis and if any fault is found, it needs to get resolved as soon as possible (Green Xia, 2016). Apple is considered the biggest manufacturer of mobile phones and holds seventy percent of the market. Apple claims that the security features that it provides is the best in class due to the encryption present and also claims that Apple does not store any data as every data that a user sends or uploads directly goes to the cloud from where it is near to impossible to break through. But in 2014, a hacker named Ryan Collins hacked into the iCloud and got all the private and intimate pictures of most of celebrities which they stored in the iCloud ("We Still Don't Have Assurance From Apple That iCloud Is Safe", 2014). The pictures that were stolen from iCloud were published on Reddit and Imgur from where it spread like a wild fire. Many celebrities got affected by this act (Judge, 2014). There was a vulnerability present that allowed the hacker to try innumerous attempts where they can provide basic information even if they failed in the first time (Kwon, Liu Hwang, 2013). This fault w as not detected by any Apple security personnel and the hacker gained this as its personal advantage where he tried phishing which gained him unlimited access to the iCloud security feature and got access to multiple user accounts and stole all their private information. He sent multiple emails to multiple users saying that their account has been comprised and they need to reset their passwords and mail id in order to safeguard their personal details. Unaware of the fact that it was not an official company mail but a private mail from the hacker, the hacker got all the information he needed to get into the system (Mancuso et al., 2014). He later logged in iCloud with these username and passwords and got an instant access to these data which he stole and published it over the internet for the whole world to see. Recently there is a same incident that happened again and is termed as 2.0 where again the celebrities personal pictures are stolen. In respond to this Apple said that they a re trying their level best to cope up with the situation but it is too late now. The victims that were affected were mainly the celebrity whose personal pictures were published all over the internet and also were broadcasted over the news. It happened mainly due to the ignorance of the users as they did not care to ask the company about all these and went on changing the passwords which then was redirected to the hacker and he got an authorization for all the data that are present (Rid Buchanan, 2015). Apple claimed that their security was top of the line and no other user can penetrate through this security. For this type of attack, the hacker used the most basic hacking tool that is Phishing were he forwarded a mail to all the users that there mail id and password has been changed (Steinmetz, 2016). The mail had a malicious link and a script which runs in the background and the user was unaware of this fact. It monitors the whole system and records all the activities that the user does and sends a report of the logs to the hacker directly (Wells et al., 2014). In this way the hacker got access to all the users account and by this he carried the rest of the things. The following attack could have been avoided if the users did not follow what is written in the mail and before doing anything like that contacted the company for further details. Also before clicking on the link, they should have cross checked whether it was genuine or not. Beside users fault, Apples fault is also there that they should provide 2F-A which is two factor authentications so that while logging in, the user needs to set a unique password or an OTP will be sent to the users mail id without which the second stage of authentication would not be completed (Gao, Zhong Mei, 2015). If they had incorporated this thing in their system, then this mishap could have been avoided. Also they should do a maintenance check on a regular basis in order to find any vulnerability and if found, it needs to be taken care of immediately without any delay. The users should update their passwords on a regular basis to avoid all these from happening. Also the company should add more security fea tures to secure the data that is present and should encrypt all the data that are being sent or uploaded (Ashok et al., 2015). Encryption makes the data more secure and hard to obtain so it would be difficult for the hackers to know what the real data is even if they manage to get their hands on it. References Agnarsson, G., Greenlaw, R., Kantabutra, S. (2016). On cyber attacks and the maximum-weight rooted-subtree problem.Acta Cybernetica,22(3), 591-612. Ashok, A., Wang, P., Brown, M., Govindarasu, M. (2015, July). Experimental evaluation of cyber attacks on automatic generation control using a CPS security testbed. InPower Energy Society General Meeting, 2015 IEEE(pp. 1-5). IEEE. Dutt, V., Ahn, Y. S., Gonzalez, C. (2013). Cyber situation awareness modeling detection of cyber attacks with instance-based learning theory.Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society,55(3), 605-618. Forbes Welcome. (2015). Forbes.com. Retrieved 8 April 2017, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/lisabrownlee/2015/09/17/chinese-cyber-attacks-on-us-military-interests-confirmed-as-advanced-persistent-and-ongoing/#102fc25e694f Gao, X., Zhong, W., Mei, S. (2015). Security investment and information sharing under an alternative security breach probability function.Information Systems Frontiers,17(2), 423-438. Green, D., Xia, H. (2016). Analysis of Security Breach Notification Law in the United States. Judge, A. (2014). iCloud hacking scandal sees photos of A-list celebrities leaked on 4chan. IT Pro Portal. Retrieved 8 April 2017, from https://www.itproportal.com/2014/09/01/icloud-hacking-scandal-sees-naked-photos-of-a-list-celebrities-leaked-on-4chan/ Kwon, C., Liu, W., Hwang, I. (2013, June). Security analysis for cyber-physical systems against stealthy deception attacks. InAmerican Control Conference (ACC), 2013(pp. 3344-3349). IEEE. Mancuso, V. F., Strang, A. J., Funke, G. J., Finomore, V. S. (2014, September). Human factors of cyber attacks a framework for human-centered research. InProceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting(Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 437-441). SAGE Publications. Paganini, +., Pierluigi Paganini is member of the ENISA (European Union Agency for Network and Information Security) )Threat Landscape Stakeholder Group,. (2015). Operation Iron Tiger, hackers target US Defense Contractors. Security Affairs. Retrieved 8 April 2017, from https://securityaffairs.co/wordpress/40199/cyber-crime/operation-iron-tiger.html Rid, T., Buchanan, B. (2015). Attributing cyber attacks.Journal of Strategic Studies,38(1-2), 4-37. Steinmetz, K. F. (2016).Hacked: A Radical Approach to Hacker Culture and Crime. NYU Press. We Still Don't Have Assurance From Apple That iCloud Is Safe. (2014). Business Insider. Retrieved 8 April 2017, from https://www.businessinsider.in/We-Still-Dont-Have-Assurance-From-Apple-That-iCloud-Is-Safe/articleshow/41569372.cms Wells, L. J., Camelio, J. A., Williams, C. B., White, J. (2014). Cyber-physical security challenges in manufacturing systems.Manufacturing Letters,2(2), 74-77.

Meaning Of Life Essays (1903 words) - Meaning Of Life, Metaphysics

Meaning Of Life Is there a meaning to life? First, to clear up any misunderstandings in the next few paragraphs you are about to read, I shall explain a few things. I am not talking about the individual people in our lives, that mean so much to us, or individual lives. That is a whole other matter. What I mean by the "meaning of life", is the greater picture. There are people all over the world, doing their own thing, living their own lives, in their own areas. Is there a point to this? The people themselves, benefit from learning and having experiences while they're alive, but then they die, and all they have accomplished, ends. Then the process begins all over again with the next generation. So one purpose for life is established. We are here to reproduce. It has been genetically coded into us, and with little prompting, we continue to produce tiny versions of ourselves. But, is there a POINT to this? Well, I solemnly believe not. Some people say the point of life, is to have fun and make others happy. Righto then. Sure, that's a good thing to do, I don't disagree with that. But in terms of the big picture, what does it exactly accomplish? A person lives their life, has fun, and perhaps has the knack of making lots of other people happy in the process, then that person dies. And so eventually, do all the other people they brought happiness to. And through different generations come people who have the same philosophy....same thing, just happening later in time, with different people. Nothing has been accomplished...So, this obviously cannot be the point of life, unless it's inventor has the same intellect as that of pond scum. I would like to think otherwise, so I am interested in finding another answer. Other people believe that God is the point of life. God gives us a booklet of rules and regulations, for us to be eligible to receive his personal 'attention'. We respect his wishes and act accordingly, as to how we believe he would like us to act. Then, it is thought, he looks after us and takes care of us. I find this theory hard to grasp...God, usually, is seen as this great celestial being, that is far more advanced and powerful than any person here on Earth. He has these 'talents' and powers by simply...not being one of us. So, there's God....Way up there, looking down upon us. Earth must seem like a little ant farm to him. If he's up there, looking down and watching over us, how is it so many horrible things happen in the world? Some of you may say it's because the people that these things happened to, weren't behaving how they should have been, how God would have liked them to. Or that God allows us to make choices, good or bad. Ok, then that would mean to me that God is an unforgiving and unsympathetic, celestial meanie. Why should he watch us create misery, see wars break out, while he remains aloof, superior and more powerful than us? I say that's unfair. Perhaps one reason for him would be, because it's more 'fun' to us be so 'handicapped' in the celestial scheme of things. It provides more entertainment, more adventure, and it's harder. And because it's harder, he knows there will be more rewards for us when we succeed in being "good". Something is obviously amiss with this plan, since we continue to do the same things over and over again through the generations, and centuries. We just do not learn this particular philosophy of his. Perhaps he could have let us work the controls? Do you think God has been GOOD at it? Heck no. Look at the world's history...It hasn't exactly been a bed full of roses. Sure, God tried. But while the footy game was on tv, he forgot to cut some of the thorns off the roses when he was preparing Earth's future. You reckon we could do any worse? I don't think so. Seems to me we'd all have just as much luck, even more so, at running a world, than God would. Even if God really was this powerful, wise, kind and forgiving fellow, why is he running a world? He obviously hasn't succeeded in achieving much. Humanity hasn't made any real accomplishments (I'm not talking technology...I'm talking about discovering anything that would lead us to understanding why we are here at all). What's in

Clay in Ancient Egypt essays

Clay in Ancient Egypt essays No one is certain how early the Egyptians began using clay. They had become fairly adept at using clay by around 5000 B.C., which was the Predynastic Period. The Egyptian civilization was located along the Nile River, and the annual flooding of the Nile made large amounts of clay readily accessible. There is clear evidence suggesting that the Egyptians were the first civilization to use the potters wheel, which they were doing around 2700 B.C. This quickly became a widely-used technique, and by 2400 B.C., statues of potters working at wheels were being used in funerary rites. Even in the Predynastic Period, clay was considered a primeval material which contained essential life-bearing forces (Bianchi 35). A style developed during this period in which red paint was used on buff-colored earthenware. The painting on these often depicted Nile sailing boats complete with cabins and flags, various animals and plants, and geometric forms. These forms were painted randomly around the vessel, because the craftsmen were focused on visual clarity and not in creating the kind of illusions of reality which have preoccupied Western artists from the time of the Renaissance (Bianchi 38). Although its use began in the Middle Kingdom, the Third Intermediate Period, between 1080 and 656 B.C., was the height of the use of faience, or Egyptian paste, which was a glazed, ceramic material similar to porcelain. It was made by adding soluble sodium salts to the clay body, a process which may originally have occurred accidentally, when the wind blew other materials into clay beds. As the object dried, the glaze-forming materials would be deposited on its surface, forming white crystals. When the object was then fired, its surface would be covered in a thin glaze from the crystals. Colorings were often added to faience, most often copper oxide to make a turquoise blue, or more rarely, cobalt oxide to make a d...

10 Sets of Doublet Nouns

10 Sets of Doublet Nouns 10 Sets of Doublet Nouns 10 Sets of Doublet Nouns By Mark Nichol The store of nouns in English, just like that of English verbs, is enhanced by the language’s generosity in permitting adaptation of words from other tongues more than once. In the case of most of the word pairs listed below, the terms were introduced at different periods of history, hence their slight differences in spelling. (Two of the pairs demonstrate how words that are superficially similar can stem from the same Indo-European roots.) 1. Aperture/overture (Latin apertura, â€Å"opening†): Both words refer to an opening, but aperture means â€Å"a physical opening,† as for a camera lens, or applies to the diameter of such a hole, while an overture is a more figurative concept; it can be an introduction (as in music), a prelude, or a proposal. 2. Car/chariot (Latin carrus, â€Å"vehicle,† borrowed from Celtic also the source of carry): The first word, denoting an automobile, a vehicle that rides on rails as part of a train, an elevator compartment, or an airship or balloon component for carrying passengers and cargo, is an abbreviation of carriage, in the sense of a horse-drawn vehicle, though carriage has other senses, including the figurative one of posture. A chariot is a two-wheeled vehicle formerly used in parades, races, and warfare, or, later, a type of carriage; the word is also sometimes used jocularly to refer to a car. 3. Castle/chateau (Latin, castellum, â€Å"fortress†): Castle refers to buildings or compounds formerly employed as fortified structures, or to an excessively large house or any place figuratively considered a refuge. A chateau is a French castle or a mansion or a vineyard estate. 4. Cattle/chattel (Latin, capitalis, â€Å"of the head† also the source of capital): Cattle refers to domesticated bovine animals (or, figuratively, humans collectively as a mob easily manipulated); chattel, from which cattle is derived, denotes personal property. 5. Cave/cavern (Latin, cavus): A cave is a natural or excavated underground hole, chamber, or tunnel; cavern refers to an especially large, complex cave. 6. Chef/chief (Latin, caput, â€Å"head†): Chef, another word for â€Å"cook,† is from the phrase chef du cuisine (â€Å"head of the kitchen†), and chief means â€Å"leader,† or â€Å"the most important.† 7. Corn/kernel (Old English; related to Latin granum): Corn refers to the edible seeds of a plant originally cultivated in Mexico and to the plant itself, as well as to grains in general. The word also applies to something old-fashioned and sentimental (hence, the adjective corny). Kernel, from an Old English diminutive of corn, applies to the seed or, technically, the inner part of a seed or similar plant part. It also denotes the impetus or essential component of a phenomenon. 8. Guile/wile (distantly related: guile from Middle English gile; wile from Old English wil): Guile means â€Å"deceit or trickery†; wile is a direct synonym that also means â€Å"a stratagem or trick.† (The latter word’s adjective and plural-noun forms, wily and wiles, are more common.) 9. Hostel/hotel (Latin, hospitale, â€Å"hospice† hospitable and hospital are also related): A hostel is an inn or a permanent residence that is part of an institution or a temporary, simple, and inexpensive one for travelers, especially younger people. A hotel is also a place of lodging, but one that is designed to provide primarily for mainstream travelers. 10. Static/status (from a common Indo-European root: static from Greek statikos, â€Å"causing to stand,† status from Latin status, â€Å"position† state, in its various meanings, is also related): Static, from â€Å"static electricity† (the adjective means â€Å"stationary, or slow moving†), refers to noise produced by artificial or natural electrical interference, or the interference itself; it’s also used figuratively to refer to criticism or interference. Status means â€Å"condition or state.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Beautiful and Ugly WordsConfused Words #3: Lose, Loose, LossPunctuation Is Powerful

Project Part 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Part 3 - Assignment Example The purpose of this paper is to present all the text content that will be used in Anna Bridal boutique website and to highlight the web pages that will be needed to implement the site. This web page will provide an outline of the benefits that accrue to a site visitor who opts to register or create an account with the website. Moreover, it will include a link to a user registration page for visitors who wish to create accounts. This page will highlight and provide links leading to different pages like web forum, catalogue or reservations. Forums page will provide visitors with a means to hold online discussions pertaining to various issues like fashion trends. Catalogue page Allows customers to search for and accumulate a list of items for purchase and place orders. Reservations page will contain an online form to be filled by visitors who have intentions of visiting the premises of Anna Bridal boutique as a strategy to help the management to curb overcrowding at the shop. This page will have links to newsletters, promotions and previews pages of the site. Newsletters page will display a form prompting users to provide their email addresses so as to receive regular newsletters via the supplied addresses. Promotions page will display items that are under promotion please a detailed description of what the promotions entails. Previews section will provide a preview of the stocked items specifically item name, price and availability. This page will contain links to FAQ, search and sitemap pages. FAQ page will enlist all frequently asked questions posted by visitors to the site. Search page will provide a search form for a visitor to enter a search term if interested in getting specific items. Sitemap page will enlist all pages of the Anna Bridal boutique website which are accessible to website users and

Tax Treaty Comparison Between the United States and India Essay

Tax Treaty Comparison Between the United States and India - Essay Example Due to phenomenal growth in international growth in international trade and commerce and increasing interactivity among the nations, residents of one country extend their sphere of business operations to other countries where income is earned. It is in the interest of all the countries to ensure that undue tax burden is not cast on persons earning income by taxing them twice, once in the country of residence and again in the country where the income is earned. Double taxation can be defined as the levy of taxes on income / capital in the hands of the same tax payer in more than one country in respect of the same income or capital for the same period. The problem gets complicated since taxation schemes of different countries contain divergent notions regarding definition of income as source. The position becomes anomalous in a situation where an assessee residing in one country earns income in another country, and the tax rates in both the countries are higher than 50%. If taxed at both places on the same income the assessee will be left with a negative income. This is bound to affect the economic growth. To avoid such a hardship to individuals and also with a view to seeing that national economic growth does not suffer, Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (D.T.A.A.) are entered into with other countries. Such tax treaties, therefore, serve the purpose of providing full protection to tax payers against double taxation and thus prevent the discouragement which double taxation may provide in the free flow of international trade and international investment. Besides, such treaties generally contain provisions for mutual exchange of information and for reducing litigation. Coming to specific provisions contained in the Indian Income-tax Act, such tax treaties are made under the provisions contained in Section 90 of the Income-tax Act which enables the Central Government to enter into treaties to avoid double taxation. Govt. of India has entered into DTA agreement with several countries, some of the main countries are Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, China, Germany, Japan, Malaysia, Mauritius, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka, UAE, UAR, UK, USA, USSR etc. Government of United States of America and Government of Republic of India entered into an agreement on Double Tax Avoidance Agreement, which was signed in New Delhi on 12 September 1989. The Convention would be the first tax treaty between the United States and India. In general, it follows the pattern of the United States model tax convention but differs in a number of respects to reflect India's status as a developing country. According to Article 1 of the Convention, it shall apply to persons who are residents of United States of America or India. However in Article 4 (Residence), it is clarified that the person is said to be the resident of the particular Contracting State, if that person in under law of that Contracting State and thereby liable to tax by reason of his domicile or similar other criteria, subject to certain limitations as described in Article 4. Under the Convention the income of the permanent establishment is taxable, and both the profit and loss of the other two businesses are ignored. Under the Code, all three would be taxable. The loss would be offset against the profits of the two profitable ventures. The taxpayer may not invoke the

Raw Materials as Biofuel Pellets Essay Example for Free

Raw Materials as Biofuel Pellets Essay In the Philippines, forests and woodlands cover about 7,168,400 hectares (http://forestry.denr.gov.ph). These forests have unique environmental and biodiversity values, and make available a wide range of products for subsistence use. The most predominant use of wood is in the form of firewood and charcoal by the majority of Filipinos in both rural and urban areas. Firewood is preferred in rural areas simply because it is obtainable free of charge. Charcoal is preferred in urban areas on account of its being cheap, easy to transport, distribute and store. It is almost smokeless and has higher calorific value A(30 MJ/kg) than firewood (15MJ/kg). But according to the U.N. FAO (2003), the woodlands have experienced highest rates of degradation and deforestation compared to other cover classes. This could be attributed to selective cutting for timber and clear felling of trees for both charcoal production and cultivation. Charcoal production is responsible for degradation and deforestation.Between 1990 and 2010, the Philippines lost an average of 54,750 ha or 0.83% of forested area per year. Charcoal production and cultivation have an impact on large-scale deforestation that has occurred in the area between 1991 and 1998. Philippine Government is also in trouble as environmental sanitation is concerned. Waste materials in markets or even in public places continually piled up every other day when it is not fetched by a garbage truck. These waste materials are primarily composed of coconut shells in markets, wastepaper in schools and offices, rice hulls in agricultural remains and sawdust, a waste product produce in the lumber shops. This study was conducted to reduce the percentage breakdown of deforestation which would soon contribute to the prevalent global warming. Since waste materials such as coconut shells, rice hulls, sawdust and wastepaper are totally organic and may seem useful at times, we came up on using it as a primary component in making Biofuel at varying formulations. This way, the researchers can help in preserving the environmental balance of the ecosystem and at the same time, to come up with a cheap, easy-drying and a highly combustible fuel for household fuel – The Biofuel Pellets. Statement of the Problem This study aimed to determine whether different formulations of coconut shells, rice hulls, sawdust and wastepapercan be a viable source of Biofuel in the form of Pellets. Specific Objectives: This study specifically aimed to answer the following inquiries: 1. To determine the heating values of each raw materials to be used in making the biofuel pellets. 2. To determine the heating values of the biofuel pellets at varying coconut shells: rice hull: sawdust: wastepaper ratios and the wood charcoal as the positive control. 3. To determine if there is a significant difference on the heating value of Formulation 1, Formulation 2, Formulation 3, Formulation 4 and the positive control. 4. To determine the relationship between the size and the heating value of varying formulations and the positive control. 5. To determine the boiling time of biofuel pellets when biofuel pellets at varying formulations and wood charcoal are used as fuels. 6. To determine if there is a significant difference on the boiling time of Formulation 1, Formulation 2, Formulation 3, Formulation 4 and the positive control. 7. To determine the relationship between the size and the boiling time of varying formulations and the positive control. 8. To determine the density of biofuel pellets at varying formulations and the wood charcoal. 9. To determine if there is a significant differenceon the density of Formulation 1, Formulation 2, Formulation 3, Formulation 4 and the positive control. 10. To determine the relationship between the size and the density of varying formulations and the positive control. Hypothesis of the Study This study aimed to determine whether the mixture of waste paper products and materials, and coconut shell can be a viable source of bioethanol. Specifically, this study aimed to determine if there is an existing significant difference, in terms of the percentage of bioethanol produced, between the pure waste paper mixture, pure pulverized coconut shell, and 1:1 ratio mixture of waste paper and pulverized coconut. This study hypothesized that there will be no existing significant difference, in terms of the percentage of bioethanol produced, between the pure waste paper mixture, pure pulverized coconut shell, and 1:1 ratio mixture of waste paper and pulverized coconut. Schematic Diagram Independent Variables Dependent Variables Formulation 1 150g coconut shells, 150g rice hull; 150g, saw dust , 50g paper Formulation 2 225g coconut shells, 112.5g rice hull, 112.5g sawdust, 50g waste paper Boiling Time (minutes) Formulation 3 112.5g coconut shells, 225g rice hull, 112.5g saw dust, 50g waste paper Burning Time (minutes) Formulation 4 112.5g coconut shells, 112.5g rice hull, 225g saw dust, 50g waste paper Density (g/ mL) Positive Group: Wood Charcoal Figure 1.A diagram showing the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variables Significance of the Study The findings of this study would greatly benefit the various sectors, primarily the following: Community Residences. Since it takes a lot of time to dry those wood charcoal that is traditionally used by countless homes in the community, this study could be a good source of an alternative fuel in household cooking chores. First, it is well-accessible to use anytime, with less worries of its dryness when used and lastly, it could be conveniently used in any cooking activities because of its high combustibility, since Biofuel pellets are primarily composed of combustible materials. Energy Sector. The promising friendly fuel from biofuel production could help the energy deficit of the energy sector; thus sustaining not only the demand of the consumers but also the need of the environment to have a green and amicable energy source. Environmental Sector. This study could help reduce the amount of pollution to the environment by simply using organic waste products and converting it into an environment friendly source of fuel. Other Researchers. This study could benefit other researchers by using this study as a reference for future researches. Scope and Limitation of the Study This study was conducted on July 12, 2012 until August 4, 2012 at the Negros Occidental High School Physics and Chemistry Laboratory. The waste materials that were used in this study were coconut shells, rice hulls, sawdust and wastepaper. The coconut shells were obtained from different stalls at Libertad Market, rice hulls were from Agricultural waste during post-harvest, and sawdust was from lumber shops while the Wastepaper was a total combination of that in Offices and Schools. The study limited itself in the determination of the heating values and the most effective formulation of waste materials that could be a viable alternative for wood charcoals. In addition, this study did not include the cost analysis based from the probable costs that may arise during the experimentation process. However, utmost economic optimization was employed during the materials selection and Biofuel pellets production. Definition of Terms Boiling time. Allotted time in which phase transition of the substance turns from the liquid state to the gas state, usually occurring when a liquid is heated to its boiling point (http://chemistry.about.com). In this study, boiling point was used as one of the parameters of this study. Burning Time.the time during which the propellant charge of a fuel is fully consumed (merriam-webster.com). In this study, the burning time was used as one of the parameters during the experimentation of the study. Coconut. A member of the family Arecaceae (palm family). It is the only accepted species in the genus Cocos. The term coconut can refer to the entire coconut palm, the seed, or the fruit, which is not a botanical nut (apps.kew.org). In this study, the coconut was one of the raw materials in the process of fuel pellet production. Density.The quantity of something per unit measure, especially per unit length, area, or volume or the mass per unit volume of a substance under specified conditions of pressure and temperature (thefreedictionary.com) In this study, density was used as one of the parameters during the experiment. Fuel Pellets. A piece of fuel usually in the shape of a sphere or cylinder, used in pebble-bed reactors, inserted in graphite blocks, or used in metallic tubular fuel elements (www.thefreedictionary.com). In this study, fuel pellets was the product of the study conducted. Heating Value. Amount of heat produced from the complete combustion of a specific amount of fuel (www.businessdictionary.com). In this study, heating value was used as one of the parameters in this study. Rice hull.The dry outer covering of a rice grain; a husk (www.thefreedictionary.com). In this study, the rice hull was pulverized and used as one of the materials in the process of fuel pellet production. Sawdust. The small particles of wood or other material that fall from an object being sawed (http://education.yahoo.com). In this study, sawdust was used as one of the raw materials for the fuel pellet production. Waste papers.Paper that is not needed and has been thrown away (Encarta Dictionaries, 2008). In this study, the waste paper was used as a raw material for fuel pellet production.

Military Commissions Act of 2006. How Should Detainees Be Treated? Ess

Guantanamo Bay in Cuba houses some of the most dangerous people captured during the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. The people being held have been accused of committing a range of crimes. One of the most poignant and well-known features of Guantanamo Bay is the long time period a detainee spends there without going to trial. Being in the prison for an extensive period of time, a detainee is bound to be disciplined for not following orders from the guards. There are often a variety of different methods that the guards use to discipline to the detainees. Some who follow Guantanamo Bay as an institution often criticize the measures taken. What makes Guantanamo Bay an ironic place to start this journey is that it is at the center of attention of a very important and controversial law passed by Congress in 2006. The law was called the Military Commissions Act of 2006. The purpose of this law was to define the powers of the executive branch in determining how detainees in Guantanamo Bay and o ther prisons held on terrorism charges against the United States should be treated as well as define the parameters of what is a fair trail. â€Å"No president should ever be given the power to call someone an enemy, wave his hand, and lock them away indefinitely† (Military Commissions). Instead, the way detainees are to be treated is up to the country in control of the prison, not just one person. When President Bush ran and succeeded getting a second term beginning in 2005, he had more policy initiatives he wanted to put in place. One of his initiatives was centered on the idea of counterterrorism (Head). After the September 11th attacks and the creation of the Department of Homeland Security President Bush felt there should be more tools to help crea... ...eb. 08 Dec. 2011. . Kryanek, Michael. "Capital Punishment." Debates, Differences, and Divisions: The 25 Issues That Shape American Politics. Boston: Longman, 2011. 180-88. Print. "Military Commissions Act of 2006." American Civil Liberties Union. 13 Mar. 2007. Web. 08 Dec. 2011. . Roskin, Michael G., Robert L. Cord, James A. Medeiros, and Walter S. Jones. Political Science: An Introduction. Twelfth Edition. Boston, CO: Longman, 2012. Print. "USA: Military Commissions Act of 2006- Turning Bad Policy Into Bad Law." Amnesty International. 29 Sept. 2006. Web. 8 Dec. 2011. 8743-d305bea2b2c7/amr511542006en.html>.

Leadership in a Global Environment

Management vs. Leadership Management Leadership – Vision & strategy – Keeping an eye on the horizon – Creating shared values – Helping others grow – Reducing boundaries – Focusing on people – Based on personal power – Acting as a coach – Emotional connections – Open mind – Listening – Nonconformity – Insight into self – Creates change and a culture of integrity Source: Daft (2008), p. 15 Leadership Direction: Planning & budgeting – Keeping an eye on the bottom line – Organizing & staffing – Directing & controlling – Creating boundaries – Focusing on products – Based on position power – Acting as boss – Emotional distance – Expert mind – Talking – Conformity – Insight into organization Alignment: Relationships: Personal Qualities: Outcomes: – Maintains stability – Creates culture of efficienc y Definition of culture Internet in Leadership Germany Members of a group or a society sharing a distinct way of life with common values, attitudes and behaviors that are transmitted over time in a gradual, yet dynamic process.Source: Harris, J. E. / Moran, R. T. (1979). International Context Culture Bbehavior Values Attitudes Source: Adler (2002) p. 17. Values – attitudes – behavior Internet in Leadership Germany Values => explicit or implicit desirable to an individual or group => influences the selection from available modes, mearns and ends of action International Context => can be both consciously and unconsciously Attitudes => expresses values and disposes a person to act or react in a certain way to something Bbehavior => any form of human action Source: Adler ( 2002), p. 18. Linking values to behavior Internet in Leadership GermanyBbehavior Value Sample Countries/Areas China/Thailand Australia/United States 1 2 Use of understatement Asking people to call you by your first name Taking off from work to attend the funeral of an aunt Not helping the person next to you on an exam Disagreeing openly with someone at a meeting Not laying off an older worker whose performance is weak H Indirectness F Informality Centrality of family Self-reliance 3 B Venezuela/Korea International Context 4 5 6 I Switzerland/Canada Germany/England A Directness E Respect for age Japan/Pakistan 7 At a meeting agreeing with a suggestion you think is wrong D Saving faceAsia generally 8 Inviting the teaboy to eat lunch with you in your office J Egalitarianism Cambodia/Vietnam 9 Asking the headmaster's opinion about something you're an expert on G Defence to authority India/Brazil 10 Accepting, without question that something can't be changed C External Control Saudi Arabia/Turkey Source: www. uop. edu/sis/culture. Culture: The hidden dimension Culture has observable aspects and suspected, imagined, or intuited. Internet in Leadership Germany Holiday customs Facial expre ssions Paintings Food Music Eating habits Literature Concept of personal space Work ethic GesturesInternational Context Rules of social etiquete Religious beliefs Concept of beauty Childraising beliefs Importance of time Values Concept of leadership Concept of fairness Concept of self General world view Nature of friendship Source: www. uop. edu/sis/culture. Cultural dimensions by Hofstede Internet in Leadership Germany – based on the first and most detailed cross-cultural research study – national culture explained more of the differences in work-related values and attitudes than did position, profession, age or gender International Context 1. Power distance . Individualism 3. Masculinity 4. Uncertainty avoidance 5. Long term orientation Source: www. geert-hofstede. com. Power distance Internet in Leadership Germany 1. Power distance = degree of equality, or inequality, between people in the country's society. International Context High Power Distance – Core va lue: respect for status – Core distinction: powerful/dependant – Key element: centralization Low Power Distance – Core value: people‘s equality – Core distinction: whether or not responsible for a certain task – Key element: decentralization Individualism 2.

My drama group comprised Essay

My drama group comprised of five people including myself. We set out to create an improvised piece of drama, thematically based on greed, love, betrayal, envy and revenge. During the time spent preparing for our improvisation, we came across many sources that had an immense influence on our piece. In order to appropriately progress with the play, we had to research the key elements within the sources to which were relevant to our context. As it was an improvised production we did not follow a set script but created a basic guideline from which we could refer to and enable us to keep on track. Our research into these sources was definitely apparent in our final performance, which was acted out in front of our drama set. In this essay, I intend to compare our improvised piece of drama with the sources we used in order to point out the similarities and illustrate the inspiration we drew from them. During the course of producing our play, we used the well-known novel and recently filmed ‘ The Count of Monte Cristo’ to draw influence on certain scenes, which clearly showed up in our final production. The plot of the ‘ Count of Monte Cristo’ is also thematically based upon betrayal, love, greed, envy and revenge. As a young sailor, Edmond Dantes, an honest and humble man whose peaceful life and plans to marry his wife Mercedes are ruined when his supposed best friend, Vernand, betrays him in order to get Mercedes for himself. Edmond is unjustly sentenced to an island prison after being framed by Vernand for high treason and is trapped in a nightmare for thirteen years. This key element is clearly apparent in our piece of drama, as Fernando, a rich and successful man soon to wed his Fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½e Victoria, is betrayed by his two deceitful friends who envy his wealth and is cast away by them to a deserted island. Obviously we have shared and incorporated the same basic ideas and themes in order to create an improvised piece of our own. A similar pattern is followed in the theme of revenge. In the ‘Count of Monte Cristo’ Edmond is aided by an elderly and wise inmate whom he learns from and the two plot to escape from prison but only Edmond succeeds and returns to his mainland execute revenge on those who wronged him, under the title of a mysterious Count of Monte Cristo. We too were able draft the theme of revenge into our play. Fernando is aided by a castaway on the island who helps him survive and teaches him how to fight. Eventually, he escapes back to his homeland alone and executes revenge on his old ‘friends’ using his new skills. This worked effectively in our production and formed the backbone plot to our final improvisation. Both the periods of the ‘Count of Monte Cristo’ and our play is set in the mid seventeenth century so more research had to be done to make our characters realistic. Another key source that we researched carefully to progress with our island scene was the film, Cast Away. In this movie, a man is cast away to a deserted island where he is forced to learn how to survive for only one reason, his love for his wife. This inspired our play as the only things which Fernando wants to live for when he is on the island is to see his wife again and to execute revenge on his friends who betrayed him. We used the idea of being abandoned alone from home on an island but we incorporated a companion to our main character, Dar’tanion, who had been living on the island for more than seven years. Research into his character’s speech, movement, body language etc was essential as we could not comprehend how somebody would be like after living alone on an island for seven years and therefore looking into movie of ‘Cast Away’ was very useful. These two sources were our main areas of influence. However we did look into the classic story ‘Robinson Crusoe’ where a civilized man meets a savage and teaches him how to be civilised. In the case of our play, a savage man teaches a civilised man to be more savage and the basic survival skills. We made it a point to show the character development of Fernando in terms of acting and the on stage relationship between the two. In conclusion, our play was a joint extract of all these sources combined with our own interpretation and improvisation.

Free Essays on Medicine

In contrast to the psychiatrist who did not question his decisions or actions, the narrator in â€Å"An Ounce of Cure† Munro 255-262 does indeed question herself all the way through the story. It is clear to the reader, almost from the beginning of the story, that there is a plenty of anxiety and uncertainty surrounding the narrator’s decision to become intoxicated while in a position of responsibility. The reader knows immediately that the narrator is going to make a decision about alcohol: My ugly parents didn’t drink 255. And if there ever was any drinking This drink was always consumed outside the house255 Also, the reader gains insight that she is about do something she shouldn’t while she is babysitting, â€Å"I got up and found the Berrymans’ ‘Dance Macabre’ and put it on the CD player and turned out the living-room lights257 We know at this point in the story that the narrator has just made her recognitiondecision: I gave up my soul for dead and walked into the chicken and decided to get drunk257 The reader can cense that it is an unauthentic decision for the narrator because she considers her soul in that moment, and then immediately displays her confusion and denial over her repulsive decision;â€Å"No, it was not like that;I had not decided to get drunk; I had decided to have a drink 257 As the story continues, we do not know exactly where she got the nerve for her thought process around alcohol, for example I through of hard liquor as something to be taken in extremes†¦for extravagant results257 However, we can see that it is a somewhat childish and immature thought that led the narrator to her decision, specifically, the Little Mermaid drinking the witches’ crystal potion 257 The narrator’s first expression of guilt for taking drugs from someone who trusted her is illustrated when she attempts to falter the evidence[Then filled each of the bottles with orange j... Free Essays on Medicine Free Essays on Medicine In contrast to the psychiatrist who did not question his decisions or actions, the narrator in â€Å"An Ounce of Cure† Munro 255-262 does indeed question herself all the way through the story. It is clear to the reader, almost from the beginning of the story, that there is a plenty of anxiety and uncertainty surrounding the narrator’s decision to become intoxicated while in a position of responsibility. The reader knows immediately that the narrator is going to make a decision about alcohol: My ugly parents didn’t drink 255. And if there ever was any drinking This drink was always consumed outside the house255 Also, the reader gains insight that she is about do something she shouldn’t while she is babysitting, â€Å"I got up and found the Berrymans’ ‘Dance Macabre’ and put it on the CD player and turned out the living-room lights257 We know at this point in the story that the narrator has just made her recognitiondecision: I gave up my soul for dead and walked into the chicken and decided to get drunk257 The reader can cense that it is an unauthentic decision for the narrator because she considers her soul in that moment, and then immediately displays her confusion and denial over her repulsive decision;â€Å"No, it was not like that;I had not decided to get drunk; I had decided to have a drink 257 As the story continues, we do not know exactly where she got the nerve for her thought process around alcohol, for example I through of hard liquor as something to be taken in extremes†¦for extravagant results257 However, we can see that it is a somewhat childish and immature thought that led the narrator to her decision, specifically, the Little Mermaid drinking the witches’ crystal potion 257 The narrator’s first expression of guilt for taking drugs from someone who trusted her is illustrated when she attempts to falter the evidence[Then filled each of the bottles with orange j...

French Prepositions with Geographical Names

French Prepositions with Geographical Names Deciding which French  preposition  to use with countries, cities, and other  geographical names  can be somewhat confusing, at least until now! This lesson will explain which prepositions to use and why. Gendered Nouns Like all French  nouns, geographical names like countries, states, and provinces have a  gender. Knowing the gender of each geographical name is the first step in determining which preposition to use. As a general guideline, geographical names which end in  e  are  feminine, while those that end in any other letter are masculine. There are, of course, exceptions which simply have to be memorized. See the individual lessons for explanations of the gender of each geographical name. Examples In English, we use three different prepositions with geographical names, depending on what we are trying to say. Je vais  en  FranceIm going  to  FranceJe suis  en  FranceIm  in  FranceJe suis  de  FranceIm  from  France However, in French numbers 1 and 2 take the  same  preposition. Whether you are going  to France or you are  in  France, the same preposition is used. Thus in French there are only two prepositions to choose from for each type of geographical name. The difficulty lies in knowing which preposition to use for a city vs a state vs a country.

The health effects of cannabis marijuana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The health effects of cannabis marijuana - Essay Example This damage is similar in severity to the damage of those who suffer from lung cancer (Zimmer & Morgan, 2007, p. 20). The mildest respiratory effects of the consumption of marijuana include bronchitis, exacerbated phlegm production as well as emphysema. A study revealed that 36% of patients admitted to the hospital in the United States with flue-like symptoms were suffering from the side effects of consuming marijuana (Tashkin et al., 2004, p. 2). Moreover, in severe cases, heavy marijuana users may develop lethal complications. Hence, a massive Swedish study in 2013 has identified that 40 years of marijuana consumption double the risk of having lung cancer (Callaghan et al., 2013, pp. 1811-1820). Moreover, has a disastrous effect on cardiovascular system. Therefore, marijuana accelerates heartbeat and may provoke inflammatory processes in blood vessels. Moreover, a group of researchers from Birmingham, UK, has concluded that marijuana is likely to increase the risk of arrhythmias as well as causes dizziness and provokes falls (Krishnamoorthy et al., 2009, pp. 851-856). Furthermore, due to ethical concerns, the studies aimed to investigate the relationship between the consumption of marijuana and reproduction. The studies conducted on primates revealed that with the chronic consumption of marijuana sperm count decreased by a margin of 61% in males. Fertility in females decreased by up to 53%. Moreover, even with the surviving sperm cells their motility and ability to fertilize egg cells was significantly degraded (Zimmerman & Raj, 2007, p. 10). Krishnamoorthy, S., Lip, G., & Lane, D. (2009). Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use as Precipitants of Atrial Fibrillation in Young Adults: A Case Series and Literature Review.  The American Journal of Medicine,  122(9), 851-856. Zimmerman, S. & Raj, A. Y. (2007). Effects of cannabinoids on spremtogenesis in mice. In G. G. Nahas and W. D. M. Paton

Child Brides Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Child Brides - Essay Example Doll represents the child - dolls are often used as puppets or symbols. Children are very often manipulated like dolls by their parents at a still young age as they are too young to be able to understand what is really happening. The female characters in â€Å"A Dolls House† by the author and playwright Henrik Ibsen project the idea that women are merely self-sacrificing entities of society. A woman can only justify her existence on earth by dedicating herself to others. It is a reality in most societies, where child marriages are still practised, that women practically have no rights whatsoever and are held in a condescending or patronizing manner by the men. The husband in the play â€Å"A Dolls House† treated her wife as a mere object or plaything, that made his wife feel depressed and trapped in the marriage (Ibsen, 2009:50). This â€Å"burka dolls† idea came from my last video project and how women are manipulated. This doll represents Islam although I am looking for a symbol towards my work; however my intention is not against Islam. According to my peers and my audience, its seems this is against Islam because I have been looking at Sara Maples works (haram or forbidden painting) who is against Islam and shown holding a pig, in which it is considered a sin to hold a pig because it is a dirty animal and therefore forbidden to cradle or handle it.

Gloal corporate strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Gloal corporate strategy - Essay Example It has been estimated that Asia will witness the highest growth in the retail food market. To become market leaders, Walmart, Carrefour and Tesco have adopted several innovation strategies which have ultimately helped them to become global leaders. Walmart’s growth under the leadership of Lee Scoot needs special mention as the company has made significant breakthroughs after he became the company’s CEO in 2000. Kapner S., February 2009, Changing Of The Guard At Wal-Mart, Cable News Network: A Time Warner Company, [Online], Available: http://money.cnn.com/2009/02/17/news/companies/kapner_scott.fortune/index.htm, [2 May 2009] 21 The Unending Woes Of Lee Scott, January 2007, Cable News Network: A Time Warner Company, [Online], Available: http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/01/22/8397972/ , [2 May 2009] 23 Carrefour has grown to become one of the global food retail giants by expanding both domestically and internationally. It started off by entering into joint ventures with the local companies. The company was the first to introduce the concept of hypermarkets and its first international foray was marked by setting hypermarkets in Brazil in the year 1975. (Holtreman A, n.d). Carrefour and Promodes merged forces in 1999 to form the largest food retailer within Europe. This merger made them the second largest global retailer with their presence stretched to cover almost 26 countries. (Merger Carrefour – Promodà ¨s, n.d.) This merger promised to have an overall beneficial effect on the business of the two merged entities. The aftereffects of the merger were supposed to benefit the stakeholders of the company at large. Suppliers would be able to reap the advantages of increased export opportunities and customers would be able to get their hands on an array of new products. This deal was mainly drafted by Carrefour to save itself from falling prey to Walmart, the leading US food retail giant, as the latter

Field Effects of Climate Change: Literature Review

Field Effects of Climate Change: Literature Review Preliminary review of literature A preliminary review has been compiled to cover on field effects of climate change and agronomical responses to irrigation methods. The literature was reviewed in association mapping studies of durum wheat and for dissection of Global Warming traits. QTL analysis studies for agronomical traits was also reviewed. The literature reviews also covers the current status of research and agriculture status of Mauritania and Senegal. We presented also the material and methods to be used in this study. 1. On field effects of Climate Change The climate change can increase variability and change the seasonality of rainfall, reduce soil moisture, change the dynamics of pests, diseases and weeds, increased heat shock/stress, reduced grain quality or nutrient content. The higher temperatures induce also earlier or extended ripening on the plant. Climate change is projected to have a significant impact on temperature and precipitation profiles in the Mediterranean basin. The incidence and severity of drought will become commonplace and this will reduce the productivity of rain-fed crops such as durum wheat. The major environmental constraints limiting the production of durum wheat in this region are drought and temperature extremes with productivity ranging from 06 t/ha (Nachit and Elouafi, 2004). Changes in total seasonal precipitation and its pattern of variability are both important, and the occurrence of moisture stress during flowering, pollination, and grain-filling is harmful to wheat. Drought at the tillering–booting developmental stages has had a negative impact on durum wheat production (Belaid et al., 2005). Furthermore, crop duration has been shortened by almost one month since 1970 in some areas of southern Morocco. Warmer and drier winters have also exacerbated the effect of some diseases and insects whic h target wheat and are major biotic constraints on production (A Yahyaoui, personal communication). 2. Agronomical responses to irrigation methods The relationships between crop yields and water use are complicated. Yield may depend on when water is applied or on the amount. Information on optimal scheduling of limited amounts of water to maximize yields of high quality crops is essential if irrigation water is to be used most efficiently (Al-Kaisi et al., 1997). The various crop development stages possess different sensitivities to moisture stress (FAO, 1979; English and Nakamura, 1989; Ghahraman and Sepaskhah, 1997). Timing, duration and the degree of water stress all affect yield. Other studies have reported that the relationship between yield and water consumption, including irrigation, is not linear (Yuan et al., 1992). The results of a study showed that crop yields initially improved with increased water consumption, but that beyond a certain water use level yields decreased over irrigation reduced winter-wheat production. (FAO, 2002). The simulated results showed that a single irrigation in wet years, two irrigations in  normal years and three in dry years produced maximum profits. The timing of the irrigations would be: at jointing to booting for the single irrigation, at jointing and heading to milky filling for the two irrigations; and before over wintering, jointing, and heading to milky filling for the three irrigations. (FAO, 2002). Water deficits may also affect crop management and production other than the direct effect on plant growth. The efficacy of many herbicides and other pesticides depends on soil moisture. Plants under moisture stress may not respond to foliar applied chemicals, or in some cases, may be damaged by chemical burns. Nutrient utilization and fertilization practices are influenced by the moisture status of the crop plants. Application of pesticides must be scheduled according to irrigation applications or to moisture stress in the crop.(UF/IFAS, 2008) 3. Association Mapping studies of durum wheat A collection of 134 durum wheat accessions, representative of the major gene pools, was assembled and characterized with 70 SSRs for genetic diversity and level of long-rangelinkage disequilibrium (LD). Results evidenced the presence of a structured diversity and high level of LD (M. Maccaferri et al., 2005). A collection of 164 elite durum wheat accessions suitable for association mapping has been tested for leaf rust response at the seedling stage and under field conditions. The collection has been profiled with 225 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci of known map position and a PCR assay targeting Ppd-A1. Associations showing highly consistent experiment-wise significances across leaf rust isolates and field trials were mainly detected for the 7BL distal chromosome region and for two chr. regions located in chrs. 2A and 2B. Additionally,isolate specific associations and/or associations with smaller effects in the field trials were identified in most of the chromosomes(M. Maccaferri et al., 2009). The genome location of a resistance gene to the stem rust Sr13 was determined in four tet-raploid wheat (T. turgidum ssp. durum) mapping populations involving the TTKSK resistant varieties Kronos, Kofa, Medora and Sceptre. Results showed that resistance was linked to common molecular markers in all four populations, suggesting that these durum lines carry the same resistance gene. Based on its chromosome location and infection types against different races of stem rust, this gene is postulated to be Sr13. Sr13 was mapped within a1.2–2.8 cM interval (depending on the mapping population) between EST markers CD92604 and BE471213, which corresponds to a 285-kb region in rice chromosome 2, and a 3.1-Mb region in Brachypodium chromosome 3. (K. Simons et al., 2010). Association studies were effective for identifying markers associated with host plant resistance to rust and powdery mildew,as well as Grain Yield with five sets of historical breeding wheat germplasm (Crossa et al.2007; Terraciano et al.2013). For the mining of allel that contribute to the tolerance of abiotique stresses, a germplasm collection of 189 elite durum lines was tested across 15 environnements at different regime of water. Association mapping studies with 186 DNA markers identify many of them linked to alleles enhancing adaptation to water stress.(Maccaferi et al, 2011). 4. Association Mapping studies for dissection of Global Warming traits The creation of suitable mapping populations and the development of molecular markers have enabled linkage studies in wheat and many QTLs have been identified for yield under drought environments (Varshney et al., 2006). The coupling of new genomic tools, technologies, and resources with genetic approaches is essential to underpin wheat breeding through marker-assisted selection and hence mitigate climate change. Many traits relating to the plant’s response and adaptation to drought are complex and multigenic, and quantitative genetics coupled with genomic technologies have the potential to dissect complex genetic traits and to identify regulatory loci, genes and networks. Mapping populations have been developed in durum wheat for the study of biotic and abiotic stresses (Blanco et al., 1998; Nachit et al., 2001; Nachit and Elouafi, 2004). Loci for yield, yield components, heading date, plant height, and physiological and developmental traits under drought have also been established in mapping populations (Maccaferri et al., 2008;DZ Habash et al., unpublished data). 5. QTL analysis studies for agronomical traits The genetic basis of grain yield (GY), heading date (HD), and plant height (PH) was investigated in a durum wheat population of 249 recombinant inbred lines evaluated in 16 environments. Among the 16 quantitative trait loci (QTL) that affected GY, two major QTL on chromosomes 2BL and 3BS showed significant effects in 8 and 7 environments. QTL specific for PH were identified on chromosomes 1BS, 3AL, and 7AS. Additionally, three major QTL for HD on chromosomes 2AS, 2BL, and 7BS showed limited or no effects on GY. For both PH and GY, notable epistasis between the chromosome 2BL and 3BS QTL was detected across several environments (Maccaferi et al., 2007). Besides some minor QTLs, one major QTL explaining both reduction of disease severity in the field and increased latency period was found on the long arm of chromosome 7B (Marone et al.,2009).Nine QTL for resistance to stem rust were identified on chromosomes 1AL, 2AS, 3BS, 4BL,5BL, 6AL 7A, 7AL and 7BL (Nachit et al., 2012). 6. Current status of research and agriculture status In Senegal Studies conducted in the 70 and 80 have shown the potential to lead the wheat in particular, in the Senegal River Valley (VFS) but there has been no transfer of results. Analyzing the situation, ISRA has undertaken in recent years, work on wheat and identified promising productive varieties for agro-climatic conditions of the VFS. According to Dr. Madiama Cissà ©, a researcher at the ISRA, the Senegal River Valley has huge potential and with the political willing of the state, Senegal will be a major producer of wheat. A research program was conducted on ten hectares divided between the experimental station Fanaye, located 160 miles from St. Louis, and Ndiole. These ten hectares were used to assess the plant material that comes from Morocco and we found suitable for the cold season and other varieties of Mexico that are being evaluated in order to increase the packet. Today we have over 75 varieties under observation at Fanaye and indicated for intensive cultivation; we will be able to get out a few that are adapted to the Valley. There is also a quarantine which were selected for their temperature tolerance. Technically, the wheat crop is possible. Water is available in the Valley, as this area has not only water resources, but the agro-climatic conditions are very favorable. Thus, in light of the available results, lines of progress is possible by optimizing production techniques to terms should improve the performance of wheat under the conditions of the Senegal River Valley. These performances are conditioned by: Good timing of crop calendar Improved fashion and seeding The optimization of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate and potassium The weed management Control of pest pressure (pests and diseases) Optimal water management Place the wheat in crop rotations In Mauritania AOAD (Arab Organization for Agricultural deveveloppement) conducts research for the production of wheat in the experimental stage in some areas of the country through the provision of experts to test the degree of adaptation of some varieties of wheat in the Mauritanias environment. Salem Merrakchi, the agricultural engineer who oversees the cultivation of wheat, says that good results are expected in the perimeters have met the technical processes. He says to expect a production of over 3,840 tons of wheat on 1,882 acres, but stresses that some regions have proven to be inadequate for this speculation. Recall that the experience of growing wheat introduced in Mauritania, there are three years, has allowed the use of 6,000 ha in irrigated area and 10,000 ha in rain-fed area with profitability improving season after season. Dr. Walid Al Zaki Yamani, a researcher in the wheat industry and expert AOAD in improving the productivity of wheat cultivation, noted that four experienced variety in Mauritania have a record productivity. Furthermore 29 speculation wheat were tested in four seasons to determine which is best suited to the Mauritanian conditions. Following the results, Mauritania is a fertile land suitable for the cultivation of this species, whether in the area irrigated or rain-fed agriculture. 7. Material and methods Phenotypic characterization In this study the germplasm is a core collection of 380 durum wheat accessions (elite, advanced, wild relatives, and landraces) selected from the ICARDA durum breeding program. The material will be accurately phenotyped for their response to abiotic stresses (drought and heat) and WUE (Water Use Efficiency) under a short cycle. The phenotyping will be conducted along the Senegal River at national experimental stations in Mauritania (Kaedi) and Senegal (Fanaye) were wheat planting will always be performed on lands previously sown with rice to provide indications about wheat-rice crop rotation. We will use the augmented design to control error with 4 checks completely repeated in each of the19 blocks that will accommodate the genotype in a small plot 2.5mx 6 rows. We will record the agronomical responses to short cycle and high temperatures and under various water regimes by annotating on-field data (germination, flowering time, plant height, lodging occurrence of disease and pests) and post-harvest data (yield and thousand kernels weight). Screening for WUE will be conducted in the irrigated trials by providing two water quantities throughout the growing season: ideal amount (500 mm) and sub-ideal (250 mm) and then phenotypic values will be recorded. Genotypic characterization Leaves from this above core collections are collected after growing the 380 lines in the green house. DNA extraction will be effected for the further genotyping. First an approximately 50 PCR-based markers associated with â€Å"drought† traits in wheat will be selected and used in screening the ICARDA core collection to provide a first glimpse at the useful stress tolerance alleles embedded within this collection. In the second time the germplasm will be deeply genotyped with 25,000 markers SNP (Simple Nucleotide Polymorphism) using the AXIOM (Affimetrix) platform available commercially at INRA (Clermont Ferrand). Genetic Studies and statistical analysis We will use GWAS that use the genotypic data in combination with the phenotypic performances to identify the genomic regions and the specific SNP/alleles associated with the response to abiotic stresses. From these associations, the genomic estimate of breeding value (GEBV) can be calculated. This GEBV will allow to design targeted crosses and to merge all the useful alleles found by GWAS in single cultivars. Further, the SNPs found to be associated with the positive traits will be converted into  readily available PCR-based assays through the KASPar technology. These assays will be use in further studies using MAS (Marker Assisted Selection) to tag germplasm with useful alleles of interest. To perform GWAS and GWS (Genome Wide Selection) we need to apply statistical models. In this study we will use a specific software (STRUCTURE, Pritchard et al.2000; TASSEL) in combination with Linear Mixed model witch take on account population structure and genetic relatedness and reduce the rate of false positives. We will use R statistic witch is a free and easily software where all statistical commands will be ran. ANOVA table, chi-square, t-test, F-value, P-value and others statistical tools will allow us to identify differences between treatments and all what we need to know in this study.

Colombia :: essays research papers

Colombia Climate The climate, however, varies with the elevation. The low regions along the coast and the deep Patà ­a and Magdalena river valleys are torrid, with mean annual temperatures of 75 ° to 80 ° F. From about 1500 to 7500 ft the climate is subtropical, and from about 7500 to 10,000 ft it is temperate. Above about 10,000 ft is the cold-climate zone, where temperatures range from 0 ° to 55 ° F. The average January and July temperatures in Bogotà ¡ are 58 ° F and 57 ° F, respectively. The averages for the same months in Barranquilla are 80 ° F and 82 ° F. Throughout the year, three-month periods of rain and dry weather alternate. Along the Pacific coast precipitation is heavy. At Bogotà ¡ the annual rainfall averages about 40 in, and in Barranquilla it averages about 32 in. Dry weather prevails on the slopes of the Eastern Cordillera. Government Colombia has a Republican form of government. Colombia has a president who is elected by popular vote. He is chosen by any man or woman 18 years or older. The president can serve one four year term. He appoints a cabinet which has to be approved by congress. Congress is composed of a House of Representatives (199 members) and a Senate (112 members). Land Area The total land area of the country is 440,831 sq. mi. The capital and largest city is Bogota. Population Characteristics, Religion, and Language The population of Colombia (1993 estimate) was 34,942,767, giving the country an overall population density of about 79 per sq. mi. About 95 percent of the people are Roman Catholics. Small Protestant and Jewish minorities exist. The official language of Colombia is Spanish. The racial makeup of the Colombian population is diversified. About half the people are mestizo (of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry), about 20 percent are of unmixed European ancestry, and about 14 percent are mulatto (of mixed black and white ancestry). The remaining 8 percent is made up of blacks, Native Americans, and people of mixed race. History In 1538 Spanish conquistadors founded New Granada. In 1717 Bogota became the capital of the Viceroyalty of New Granada which consisted of present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela. In 1819 Simon Bolivar defeated Spanish troops near Bogota and became the first president of the new republic of Gran Colombia. Currency The basic unit of currency is the Colombian peso (829 pesos equal U.S.$1; 1994).

Is Television Addictive? Essay

Television viewing is comparable to drug and alcohol addiction as illustrated by Marie Winn in her essay entitled â€Å"TV Addiction†.   In some cases â€Å"addiction† is good-humoredly referred to as a propensity to overindulgence of oneself on something pleasurable like cookie or mystery book addiction but watching television programs results to negative effects in people that somehow consume their lives and leave them feeling a void that can never be fulfilled.   Although it offers momentary reprieve from reality which people sometimes need, it can also become a destructive compulsion. (Winn)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  The author has quite significantly suggested the perils of excessive television watching.   Instead of offering us a way to relax from our busy daily routine, it may just be contradictorily a contributing factor that intensifies the stress we encounter every day.   In the paper, Winn cited some testimonials of a college instructor, a pre-school teacher, a filmmaker and a lawyer who have directly experienced being â€Å"hooked† on watching television shows as well as mothers who has observed this dilemma on their own young children to the point that the hours they could have spent on more meaningful things are wasted on watching the shows that they do not even like.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The author likened these testimonials to those shared in meetings of Alcoholics Anonymous. Based on the testimonials from parents, its effects became even more alarming when they witnessed their children’s restlessness when unable to watch television just like a withdrawal symptom of an addict.   At some point in a person’s life, overindulgence in watching television happens. For some, it happens during bouts of depression, boredom, procrastination, hibernation or whatever period it is called but when it becomes habitually a part of our daily lives, it may become destructive mentally, psychologically and even physically.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The author presented a different perspective to television viewing.   It gives people a glimpse of how life can become when faced with such a predicament.   For most people, reading these pages is a wake up call since an individual is usually unaware when he or she is in the midst of an addiction such as this. Some people may have gradually increased the number of hours spent in front of their television sets unconsciously and this reading could really open their eyes and give everyone a nudge to change it. Television is a very significant instrument of worldwide communication and information that aids everyone in the awareness of what is happening around us.   It is a tool of improving our knowledge in a lot of things and it has its own purpose. Similarly, legal drugs or medicines and alcohol exists because it also has its uses and is actually beneficial at times but unfortunately,   just like most things in this world, it can be addictive and hazardous to people’s lives when dealt with excessively. It is undeniable that television is a part of our lives but moderation of time spent in watching television should be practiced and parents should also impose this strict rule to their children.   Parents may introduce other ways of recreation to them to reduce their viewing time but before this can be implemented in a household or a community, parents should as well apply this to themselves. Addiction can really be avoided if proper time management and self-restraint is given more focus. A firm decision in employing moderation to the things that people do can truly prevent this to happen.   It may seem impossible for addicts but it can always be done if a person is determined never to be controlled by such weaknesses.   Eradicating addictions can change people’s lives and can enormously generate a more productive, healthy and fulfilled world. Works Cited Winn, Marie. â€Å"T.V. Addiction.† Connelly, Mark. The Sundance Reader, Fourth Edition. Boston, Massachussetts: Thomas Wadsworth, 2006. 193-198.   

Universal Healthcare

Universal Health Care The issue of health care is a widely debated issue in the United States today. The United States spends more on health care than any other country in the world, but there are 48. 6 million people that do not have health insurance. The United States also has one of the lowest life expectancies in the industrialized world, and 45,000 people die every year due to a lack of health care. The United States Congress passed the Affordable Care Act in 2010 to try to correct some of these problems. Unfortunately, conservatives and Liberals cannot agree on the subject of health care (Kleinstuber).The health care system should be changed so that universal health care is enacted in the United States. With universal health care, citizens of the United States will become healthier, therefore, people have better opportunity to obtain human capital. Also, the benefits outweigh the detriments in the case for universal health care with some small changes with how it works. The imp lementation of universal health care would benefit the United States’ economy and society’s welfare. Thousands of US citizens suffer every day from a lack of health care.This has become a serious problem in the US, and it needs to be changed. There are over 45 million people who are uninsured in the US (Ireland). Of these 45 million uninsured people, about 9. 4 percent of them are children under age 18 (Todd and Sommers). Many of these uninsured people did not have the same opportunity to obtain human capital as others did, therefore, they are stuck in the lower class without employer-sponsored health care. With universal health care enacted in the US, these healthier people would have better chance at obtaining human capital.In effect, children grow up healthier, and they have better attendance at school and have a better chance to become successful in the future. Universal health care will lead to a more prosperous, opportunistic society. Universal health care has mo re benefits than it does detriments. Described by Jae Ireland in her article â€Å"Pros and Cons of Free Universal Health Care,† the pros of universal health care are extended care, reducing medical costs, and the proof of the success of universal health care (Ireland).The cons of universal health care are raised taxes, competition between doctors and hospitals would disappear, and there will be longer wait times at health care offices and emergency rooms. Of course, with universal health care, every citizen in the US will have free health coverage. This will result in a healthier and happier citizens. A disadvantage of the enactment of universal health care in the raising of taxes. This increasing of taxes could be eased by the decreasing of some other taxes. Although this is true, the cost of medical costs will go down without privatized health care.With the medical costs decreasing, the amount the US spends on health care per person would decrease from how much they pay fo r Medicaid and Medicare. A disadvantage of universal health care is the potential loss of competition between doctors and hospitals (Ireland). This does not have to happen though. The government could still pay doctors based on their skills and how important they are to society and the medical community. Also, make sure that patients can choose their own doctors so that doctors can still compete for patients.This ensures that doctors and hospitals still have good incentive to do adequate work for patients. Another benefit of universal health care is the proof of the success of universal health care with other countries such as France, Italy, and Spain. These countries show that it universal health care can work with many benefits. These countries are able to provide universal health care with a much smaller percentage of their GDP than the US is currently using. Also, many countries with universal health care prove its success with longer life expectancies than the United States.A d rawback of universal health care is that patients are put on waiting lists for appointments since there will be many more patients (Ireland). On the other hand, this may be able to be changed. Policies that make sure patients with more extreme reasons for the need of medical attention get treated before patients with less serious reasons for medical attention. With some of the changes to the harms of universal health care, the implementation of universal health care in the United States would be undoubtedly beneficial.In essence, universal health care can be very beneficial to the United States in multiple ways. With universal health care, citizens of the United States will have a better chance to attain human capital, and they will have a better chance to be successful. Also, with some minor changes to the universal health care system, the benefits outweigh the detriments. The implementation of universal health in the United States would create a better society and improve the well -being of their citizens.